Stephenson:Neal:Quicksilver:21:Navigation Act (Alan Sinder)
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The Navigation Act of 1651 was one of a series of Navigation Acts passed by the English parliament. it was passed in October of 1651 as a reaction to the failure of a diplomatic mission seeking recognition of the Commonwealth of England by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
The Act stated that: * Only English ships could transport trade goods to England from outside Europe. * Trade goods from inside Europe could be shipped by English ships and ships from the originating country.
Both measures hindered the Dutch, who had, due to low tariffs, better ships, and a near monopoly on the Baltic trade, been the foremost sea merchant nation for many years and had grown very dependent on their sea trade. Dutch unhappiness with the Act lead to the First Anglo-Dutch War, which was fought entirely at sea between England and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands from 1652 to 1654.
First Anglo-Dutch War
After an English diplomatic mission in 1651 failed to gain the unification of Commonwealth of England with the Dutch Republic under Cromwell's leadership, the English parliament passed the 1651 Navigation Act, which ordered that only English ships and ships from the originating country could import goods to England. This measure was particularly aimed at hampering the shipping of the highly trade-dependent Dutch.
In May of 1652, Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp ordered his captains not to salute an English fleet in the English Channel by lowering the Dutch flag as Cromwell required of all foreign fleets in the North Sea or the English Channel. In response, Admiral Robert Blake opened fire, starting the Battle of Goodwin Sands near Dover, won by the English. Later battles in the year ranged up and down the Channel: the Battle of Plymouth in August, the Battle of the Kentish Knock in the Thames estuary in October, and the Battle of Dungeness in December, ending in a defeat for Blake as parliament, thinking that the war had been won, had sent much of the fleet to the Mediterranean.
Despite its successes, the Dutch Republic was ill-prepared for a naval war. To make matters worse, political controversy arose about the proper course of action: should the Dutch navy be extended or should defensive measures against a possible land invasion take precedence?
In 1653 Blake, while recovering from battle wounds, wrote 'Fighting Instructions', a major overhaul of naval tactics.
The English proved stronger in the battles of 1653, such as the three-day Battle of Portland in March, the two-day Battle of the Gabbard (or North Foreland) (12 -13 June 1653), and the costly Battle of Scheveningen (or Texel) in August, where both fleets suffered heavy damage. Tromp was killed in the last battle, which increased the Dutch opinion to end the war. Similar feelings arose in England after Oliver Cromwell dissolved the pro-war Rump Parliament.
Peace negotiations ended on April 5, 1654 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, in which the Dutch recognised the Commonwealth.
The war was now officially over, battles had been won, but the commercial rivalry between the two nations was not resolved. Especially in the colonies (both countries had vast overseas empires) hostilities continued between the trade companies, which had warships and troops of their own. The Second Anglo-Dutch War was already in the making.
de Groot Demonstrated the War Was Moot
It is noteworthy that only shortly before the Navigation Act was passed Dutch lawyer Hugo de Groot (1583 -1645) had devised a draft for a written international sea law, in which he advocated unrestricted sea trade. His views fitted very well in with Dutch interests. Nothing was to come of it in those days. However, the modern concept of territorial waters, limiting a countries jurisdiction to a narrow strip of sea close to land, is derived from his ideas.