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El Escorial

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El Escorial is an immense palace, monastery, museum, and library complex located at San Lorenzo de El Escorial (also San Lorenzo del Escorial), a town 45 kilometres northwest of Madrid in the autonomous community of Madrid in Spain.

At the foot of the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range, the complex was commanded by King Philip II of Spain as a necropolis for the Spanish monarchs and the seat of studies in aid of the Counter-Reformation. It was designed by the architects Juan Bautista de Toledo, Giambattista Castello, and Juan de Herrera in an austere classical style, and built from 1563 to 1584.

It is shaped as a grid traditionally explained as a memory of the martyrdom of Saint Lawrence. It is said that during the battle of Saint Quentin, the Spanish troops destroyed a small hermitage devoted to Lawrence. The King decided to dedicate the monastery to the saint in thanks for his victory.

Another explanation is that it is an adaptation of the Temple of Solomon as described by Flavius Josephus. Two statues of David and Solomon are placed to each side of the church as a parallelism with the warrior Charles V and the prudent Philip. A fresco in the center of the library presents Solomon in his most wisdom: with the Queen of Sheba.

The complex has an enormous store of art, including works by Titian, El Greco, Velázquez, Goya, and others. Also at the complex is a library containing thousands of priceless ancient manuscripts, including Philip's alchemy collection. It is the burial site for most Spanish kings since Philip II.

The complex is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is an extremely popular tourist attraction, often visited as a day trip from Madrid. It is close to the Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos.

The surrounding town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid) is also home for the popular summer courses of Universidad Complutense. A downhill neighbour town also named El Escorial has a likenamed RENFE station.

See also: List of World Heritage Sites in Spain

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